SOF 535 Chocoholics Anonymous Report Te Essay - 2199 Words

Chocoholics Anonymous Team Protà ©gà © Thomas P. Vande Zande Padma Rilapur Sravani Tadimeti Tenaaz Aqthari Syed Muneer Stratford University SOF 535 Professor Butu December 6, 2014 Abstract *Enter abstract here* Chocoholics Anonymous While assessing the needs of the Chocoholics Anonymous organization our team agreed unanimously that we wanted to gain the most value out of this project. We first sat down and decided our approach for how to handle this project in the most professional and business simulating way possible. During this sit down we agreed to treat this project like a real business venture. For that we would use a hybrid approach that consisted of some project management techniques as well as agile software†¦show more content†¦These use cases would drive the goals of the project and our general though and planning process to the user interface. User Experience We found that as we defined the use cases we began immediately thinking about how the use cases would look as a user interface and user experience. The user experience is an important piece to the overall puzzle of creating software. According to blog writer Dmitry Fadeyev â€Å"a good user interface needs to be clear, concise, familiar, responsive, consistent, attractive, efficient, and forgiving (Fadeyev, 2009).† When we set out to come up with a mocked user interface we talked about what items would make these graphics easy to understand. As well what would make them pop on the page or whatever would display them. For this we came up with a decent mocked set of graphics in html to emulate what the user would see in the interface for the application. This set of mocked up graphics would prove to be attractive, consistent, and even familiar. The other items on the list such as responsiveness, efficiency, and forgiveness would have to be realized after the actual development i tself was accomplished. The screen shots in Appendix E clearly show the basic principals we attempted to mock/create. We knew that a basic drop

The Impact Of Ferdinand Porsche On Germany s Efforts...

A. Summary of Evidence : Critical Analysis of the sources indicates that Ferdinand Porsche had made a large impact on Germany s efforts during World War 2. Due to his affiliation and close relation to Hitler he had been tasked with many engineering projects that had come to the aid of Germany’s military forces and perhaps had become the ‘economic miracle’ that Germany was in need of with his success of the VW beetle. By diving into the sources I have found that Porsche’s early stages began by supplying German troops with new aviation technology as well as tanks known as the Elefant. An interview conducted at Porsche Centre Johannesburg which is one of the largest centres in the world clearly back these sources. It was made clear to me by the interviewee that the roots of the Porsche company do indeed stem from a military and agricultural background. However Ferdinand Porsche also had a strong relationship with the USSR which seemed to cause some doubts. By reviewing the German Ec onomy during World War 2 it was clear that Germany was in need of an economic miracle in order to save it as their economy had taken a large hit during the war. The sources clearly point that the success of the VW Beetle did indeed help to resurrect the economy but however the economy had already bled out by then. Therefore Mr Ferdinand Porsche and his company did indeed help Germany in the war and it could be stated that the war could have ended much earlier if his aid was not there. 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Chaos Vs. Order Essay Example For Students

Chaos Vs. Order Essay Chaos Vs. OrderThe short story by James Thurber, The Catbird Seat, describes a man, Mr. Erwin Martin, who is very precise and logical in everything he does including his job and how he reacts when his order is disrupted by a loud, meddlesome woman, Mrs. Ulgine Barrows, who has much persuasion with the company president, Mr. Fitweiler.Mr. Martins order is disrupted by this chaos in the company and he can not have it so hedecides he must kill Mrs. Barrows to get things back the way they were.The theme of the story is the battle for favorable position or to sit in the catbird seat and if one stays calm and keeps themselves in order they can eventually win over the chaos in their life. In the story Mr. Martin is the character who epitomizes order. He was very organized and kept a strict schedule.He arrived at work every day at eight thirty and walked home at five thirty, he ate dinner at Schrafts every night at eight, then took a walk and usually was in bed around eleven.He was described as neat, quiet, attentive and coworkers described him as infallible and the most efficient worker.His job at F S was as head of the filing department.His very job deals with keeping things organized.He also was said to have never drank anything stronger than ginger ale and never smoked in his life.This also represents perfection.He views Mrs. Barrows not as a person but as a mistake made by his boss, Mr. Fitweiler.He decides he must rub out the mistake by killing Mrs. Barrows.He is so exact in his ways that he spends a week coming up with a plan and goes over it every night.Another thing he does every night is he goes over his case against!Mrs. Barrows.He acts as the attorney, jud ge, and jury making his case against Mrs. Barrows.This also shows of a very organized mind.He objects and sustains himself, raps a gavel in his mind, charges Mrs. Barrows with willful, blatant, and persistent attempts to destroy the efficiency and system of F S and recommends the death penalty (318).He, of course, is also the executioner.He comes up with an organized plan in which he thinks of almost every possibility.He buys cigarettes to smoke at her apartment which will be his red herring since no one would suspect him if he left one there because everyone knows he doesnt smoke.He was a very clever man who even got one of his assistants to believe he liked Mrs. Barrows.Mr. Martin represents order in the story and is almost too perfect. Just as Mr. Martin represents order in the story, Mrs. Barrows represents chaos.She was loud and obnoxious.She was described using animal words such as brayed, quacked, and like a circus horse.Also, she never walked into a room, she bounced, romped, or catapulted.She didnt have to work hard to get her position as the adviser to Mr. Fitweiler, she just got the job after saving him from getting hurt by a large man at a party.She was the cause of many firings at F S and also caused some to quit.She was known for saying ridiculous things all of the time such as tearing up the pea patch and sitting in the catbird seat.She never came into work before ten and was known to brag about the place where she lived.She was planning a reorganization of Mr. Martins department and that was where the chaos had to end for Mr. Martin. The title, The Catbird Seat, basically means sitting pretty.Specifically, who is sitting pretty.When the story begins its Mrs. Burrows who is sitting pretty or better, in a favorable position.She can recommend any change in the company to Mr. Fitweiler and it will most likely be done.She didnt earn her position and in Mr. Martins opinion doesnt know what shes doing so he needsto get rid of her.He sets his plan in motion and when he realizes he cant go through with it, he almost instantly comes with an even better plan and tells Mrs. Barrows he is going to kill Mr. Fitweiler and he does drugs knowing that she will freak out and tell everyone but they know Mr. Martin better than that and wont believe her.Before he leaves her apartment Mr. Martin tells her, Im sitting in the catbird seat, and then humorously sticks his tongue out at her. It is the humor in the way the story was written that makes it not seem so bad that this man had planned to commi!t murder.Mr. Martin then saves himsel f and the company the next day when he denies what he had done at her apartment to his boss and she is believed to be having a nervous breakdown so she is removed from her position.Mr. Martin by keeping order then, is sitting in the catbird seat.To finish, the story shows a struggle between Mr. Martin and Mrs. Barrows or order and chaos.It is saying that one who takes time to think things through like Mr. Martin and makes decisions based on all the available facts they will come out ahead if they keep calm when faced with adversity or chaos.

Cats Cradle (941 words) Essay Example For Students

Cats Cradle (941 words) Essay Cats CradleCats Cradle is, Vonneguts most highly praised novels. Filled with humor and unforgettable characters, this apocalyptic story tells of Earths ultimate end, and presents a vision of the future that is both darkly fantastic and funny, as Vonnegut weaves a satirical commentary on modern man and his madness (Barnes and Noble n.pag). In Cats Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut uses satire as a vehicle for threatened self-destruction when he designs the government of San Lorenzo. In addition, the Bokonists practice of Boko-maru, and if the world is going to end in total self destruction and ruin, then people will die, no matter how good people are and what religion people believe. An example of satire that Kurt Vonnegut uses is when he designs the government of San Lorenzo. San Lorenzo is a small island somewhere in the Caribbean. The people in San Lorenzo are doomed to failure no matter what leader they have, and they have always been this way. San Lorenzo, in the novel, is pictured as one of the most unsuccessful and useless places on earth. The people there are very poor, do not have much to eat, and do not have any motivation left at all, Johnson and McCabe had failed to raise the people from the misery and muck (Achebe 133). Thus, that is why they do not care anymore who there leader is going to be, because they know that they are going to fail anyway, Everybody was bound to fail, for San Lorenzo was as unproductive as an equal area in the Sahara or the Polar Icecap (Achebe 133). The way that the people are kept alive is by trickery by the government and the holy man Bokonon. The story of Bokonon and his religion begins with the dictator of San Lorenzo an d Bokonon at first Shteyrenberg 2being friends, but then they decided to govern San Lorenzo by themselves. Seeing that the people are hopeless and without direction, Bokonon invents his religion, When Bokonon and McCabe took over this miserable country year ago†¦they through out the priests. And then Bokonon, cynically and playfully invented a new religion (Achebe 172). But then McCabe outlaws it and makes practicing any religion other than Christianity punishable by the deadly Hook, Anybody caught practicing Bokononsim in San Lorenzo, will die on the Hook (Achebe 134). All the people on the island have become devout Bokonists, and the struggle between the government and the religion keeps them entertained, and therefore alive, Well, when it became evident that no government or economic reform was going to make the people much less miserable, the religion became the one real instrument of hope. Truth was the enemy of the people, because the truth was so terrible, so Bokonon mad e it his business to provide the people with better and better lies (Achebe 172). The hopeless, directionless people represent mankind as a whole and the government plot represents what Vonnegut sees as societys mindless, clear diversion from reality that keeps everyone interested in life. An example of satire as a vehicle of self-destruction in the story is the Bokonists practice of Boko-maru. Boko-maru is the Bokonists tradition of placing the naked soles of ones feet to another persons naked soles, †¦Bokononists mingled their souls by pressing the bottoms of their feet together (Achebe 135). This is the very silly and pointless part of the religion that seems to be based on nothing at all. Bokononism says that one cannot touch soles with another person without loving them, and therefore sole touching is a good thing since it promotes love. This is sarcastic because a Boko-maru Shteyrenberg 3comes from a religion that accuses itself as a pack of lies, and yet has a feature th at is strangely true. The crucial example of satire as a vehicle of self-destruction in the story is that no matter what religion people believe in, no matter what acts of goodness people perform, nothing in the end can save everything from total ruin and pointlessness. The destruction of the world by ice nine shows Vonneguts tendency towards his negative view of the world. No matter what any of the characters wished for or did, the world was destroyed all the same by some incredibly stupid and pointless force called God, who guided the entire human race through its wasted and bloody history simply so one man could, Climb to the top of Mount McCabe and lie down on my back†¦thumbing my nose at You Know Who (Achebe 287). Cats Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut is a satire on the state of world affairs in the 1960s. At the beginning of the novel, the narrator is researching for a book he is writing. The book is to be about the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and the lives of the people who created the bomb. The narrator is involved in events which are helplessly beyond his control, but which are unavoidably leading to a destination at the end. In the end the entire earth is destroyed, through a seemingly impossible series of coincidences and completely random events, which are strangely explained by Bokononism. All through the story Vonnegut builds up his theme of the pointlessness of life with the help of satire. An example of this is the religion of Bokononism. Bokononism says that that all religions (including Bokononism) are nothing but a pack of hideous lies, which should be completely ignored. Shteyrenberg 4Works CitedBarnes and Noble. The Synopsis. Cats Cradle. http://coe.ilstu.edu/labschool/uhigh/english/S1Vonn/vonnpage.htmJr., Kurt Vonnegut. Cats Cradle. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing: 1963. .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 , .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .postImageUrl , .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 , .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:hover , .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:visited , .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:active { border:0!important; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:active , .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5 .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0c5b1ef58494e6b2e54401613825fd5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clinton EssayBook Reports

The Purposes of the Constitution Essays (448 words) - Law

The Purposes of the Constitution The Constitution was created on September 17, 1787 and was signed by delegates in order to give citizens basic rights, create fundamental laws, and establish a government for the United States of America. It aided in building a stronger federal government in America by creating three branches known today as: executive, judicial and legislative. By having this type of government, we can separate ourselves from other countries as stated in Chapter Two, Page Forty-Eight, " How these branches of government are structured and the various functions they perform differentiates one government from another." These branches are all connected to one another. The Legislative branch known as Congress makes creates our laws and are actually split up into another two parts known as the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Representatives all come together to have meeting to go over whether or not certain bills should be passed or not and of they will help our government and communities. The Executive Branch ust follows the President's rules and does whatever he tells them to do. The President oversees the branch and uses them to complete important tasks in political affairs. Lastly we have the Judicial Branch. They are the Supreme Court and overlook any cases involving anyone or anything that goes against the laws created by the legislative branch. My next main purpose pertains to my last point and it's called Checks and Balances. In order for the U.S. government to keep all branches within the same amount of power and not become more powerful than the other. Either parts of the branches can limit one another to the amount of power they have and can use. While one branch makes a decision, another can overrule it, and if another wants to overrule it, then they can. In the end they will come to find a common ground to make a final decision. Therefore, no one has more power than the other or no less. "Such checks, among others, go a long way toward preventing any one branch of the government from running amok" The last main purpose for the constitution is how it gave the citizens of the U.S. basic human rights. It included: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Right to Bear Arms and many more. By giving Americans rights such as these, they feel more safe and felt protected. That was the goal for the Bill of Rights. So that when you are in America you should feel like you can be your own person. Which is exactly what the Constitution gave us. This is what our Founding Fathers wanted us to have.

Biography of John Riley - Saint Patricks Battalion

Biography of John Riley - Saint Patricks Battalion John Riley (Circa 1805-1850) was an Irish soldier who deserted the American army just before the outbreak of the Mexican-American War. He joined the Mexican army and founded the St. Patricks Battalion, a force made up of fellow deserters, primarily Irish and German Catholics. Riley and the others deserted because treatment of foreigners in the US army was very harsh and because they felt that their allegiance was more with Catholic Mexico than Protestant USA. Riley fought with distinction for the Mexican army and survived the war only to die in obscurity. Early Life and Military Career Riley was born in County Galway, Ireland sometime between 1805 and 1818. Ireland was a very poor country at the time and was hit hard even before the great famines began around 1845. Like many Irish, Riley made his way to Canada, where he likely served in a British army regiment. Moving to Michigan, he enlisted in the US army before the Mexican-American War. When sent to Texas, Riley deserted to Mexico on April 12, 1846, before the war officially broke out. Like other deserters, he was welcomed and invited to serve in the Legion of Foreigners which saw action in the bombardment of Fort Texas and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. The Saint Patricks Battalion By April of 1846, Riley had been promoted to Lieutenant and had organized a unit comprised of 48 Irishmen who joined the Mexican army. More and more deserters came over from the American side and by August of 1846, he had over 200 men in his battalion. The unit was named el Batallà ³n de San Patricio, or the St. Patricks Battalion, in honor of Irelands patron saint. They marched under a green banner with an image of St. Patrick on one side and a harp and emblem of Mexico on the other. As many of them were skilled artillerymen, they were assigned as an elite artillery regiment. Why Did the San Patricios Defect? During the Mexican-American War, thousands of men deserted on both sides: conditions were harsh and more men died of illness and exposure than in combat. Life in the US army was particularly tough on Irish Catholics: they were seen as lazy, ignorant and foolish. They were given dirty and dangerous jobs and promotions were virtually non-existent. Those who joined the enemy side most likely did so because of the promises of land and money and out of loyalty to Catholicism: Mexico, like Ireland, is a Catholic nation. The St. Patrick’s Battalion was comprised of foreigners, mainly Irish Catholics. There were some German Catholics as well, and some foreigners who lived in Mexico before the war. The Saint Patricks in Action in Northern Mexico The St. Patricks Battalion saw limited action at the siege of Monterrey, as they were stationed in a massive fortress that American General Zachary Taylor decided to avoid entirely. At the Battle of Buena Vista, however, they played a major role. They were stationed alongside the main road on a plateau where the main Mexican assault took place. They won an artillery duel with an American unit and even made off with some American cannons. When Mexican defeat was imminent, they helped cover the retreat. Several San Patricios won a Cross of Honor medal for valor during the battle, including Riley, who was also promoted to captain. The San Patricios in Mexico City After the Americans opened another front, the San Patricios accompanied Mexican General Santa Anna to the east of Mexico City. They saw action at the Battle of Cerro Gordo, although their role in that battle has been largely lost to history. It was at the Battle of Chapultepec that ​they made a name for themselves. As the Americans attacked Mexico City, the Battalion was stationed at one end of a key bridge and in a nearby convent. They held the bridge and convent for hours against superior troops and weapons. When Mexicans in the convent tried to surrender, the San Patricios tore down the white flag three times. They were eventually overwhelmed once they ran out of ammunition. Most of the San Patricios were killed or captured at the Battle of Churubusco, ending its effective life as a unit, although it would re-form after the war with the survivors and last for about another year. Capture and Punishment Riley was among the 85 San Patricios captured during the battle. They were court-martialed and most of them were found guilty of desertion. Between September 10 and 13, 1847, fifty of them would be hanged in punishment for their defection to the other side. Riley, although he was the highest-profile among them, was not hanged: he had defected before the war had officially been declared, and such defection in peacetime was by definition a far less serious offense. Still, Riley, by then a major and highest ranking foreign officer of the San Patricios (the Battalion had Mexican commanding officers), was punished harshly. His head was shaved, he was given fifty lashes (witnesses say the count was botched and that Riley actually received 59), and he was branded with a D (for deserter) on his cheek. When the brand was at first put on upside down, he was re-branded on the other cheek. After that, he was thrown in a dungeon for the duration of the war, which lasted several more months. In spite of this harsh punishment, there were those in the American army who felt he should have been hanged with the others. After the war, Riley and the others were released and re-formed the St. Patricks Battalion. The unit soon became embroiled in the constant infighting among Mexican officials and Riley was briefly jailed for suspicion of participation in an uprising, but he was freed. Records indicating that a Juan Riley died on August 31, 1850, were once believed to refer to him, but new evidence indicates that this is not the case. Efforts are ongoing to determine Rileys true fate: Dr. Michael Hogan (who has written the definitive texts about the San Patricios) writes The search for the burial place of the true John Riley, Mexican major, a decorated hero, and leader of the Irish battalion, must continue. The Legacy   To Americans, Riley is a deserter and a traitor: the lowest of the low. To Mexicans, however, Riley is a great hero: a skilled soldier who followed his conscience and joined the enemy because he thought it was the right thing to do. The St. Patricks Battalion has a place of great honor in Mexican history: there are streets named for it, memorial plaques where they fought, postage stamps, etc. Riley is the name most commonly associated with the Battalion, and he has, therefore, gained extra heroic status for Mexicans, who have erected a statue of him in his birthplace of Clifden, Ireland. The Irish have returned the favor, and there is a bust of Riley now in the San Angel Plaza, courtesy of Ireland. Americans of Irish descent, who once disowned Riley and the Battalion, have warmed to them in recent years: perhaps in part due to a couple of good books that have come out recently. Also, there was a major Hollywood production in 1999 entitled One Mans Hero based (very loosely) on the life of Riley and the Battalion. Sources Hogan, Michael. The Irish Soldiers of Mexico. Paperback, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, May 25, 2011. Wheelan, Joseph. Invading Mexico: Americas Continental Dream and the Mexican War, 1846-1848. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2007.

The sub-prime mortgage crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The sub-prime mortgage crisis - Essay Example The US sub-prime crisis is the historic turning point in the US economy and global culture. It is the result of the collapse of the speculative bubble in the housing market that began to burst in 2006 and has had rippling effects across many countries in the form of financial failures and global credit crunch. The current credit crisis which is the wave of the collapse of the US sub-prime mortgage market can be evaluated by understanding the history which is associated with it in terms of the effects it has had on the borrower as well as the financial statements of the banks, other financial institutions and the investors in the mortgage backed by securities around the world (Walters, 2008). The mortgage lending market is divided in two sectors prime and sub-prime. Prime borrowers are marked by high income, strong credit rating and sound savings. Sub-prime mortgages are loans which are extended to borrowers who have low credit score, no savings, blemished credit history and weak debt to income ratio. Sub-prime borrowers are considered riskier by the lending institutions and are generally assessed at higher interest rates than the prime borrowers. The sub-prime mortgage market emerged and flourished in the 1990’s. The new trend of extending loans or credit to borrowers with less than perfect profiles was adopted in 1990’s and continued until 2005, resulting in increased homeownership recording 64.1 % in 1993 and 68.9% in 2005(Carpenter,2008). The expansion of sub-prime market improved the access of credit and resulted in the boom in the real estate market. This also led to the expansion of credit to those borrowers whose credit was blemished. This period was also backed by strong overall housing market with increasing value of the home prices. Though this trend did not continue and in 2006 the housing market began to slow down, which resulted in rising late mortgage payments, foreclosures and defaults. This resulted in the collapse of the US sub-pr ime mortgage market. The crisis had widespread impact on the borrowers, investors, financial institutions, securitization, and mortgage broker which led to more involved government regulation. With the emergence of the sub-prime mortgage on the larger scale, there has evolved a new term in the lending world 'predatory lending'. It was seen that as sub-prime market increased so did predatory lending in some form or another. The Joint Report offered this definition: "In a predatory lending situation, the party that initiates the loan often provides misinformation, manipulates the borrower through aggressive sales tactics, and/or takes unfair advantage of the borrower's lack of information about the loan terms and their consequences. The results are loans with onerous terms and conditions that the borrower often cannot repay, leading to foreclosure or bankruptcy" (Carpenter, 2008). This brings in the ethics applied in the lending industry where sub-prime lending can be encouraged and predatory lending can be controlled using regulatory authorities. Owning a house is very noble desire very intrinsic to the happiness of the human beings. When the system goes against this virtue and creates more damage to the parties concerned it becomes a widespread crisis. Sound ethical practice applied to different segments of the mortgage industry will provide a channel which will help solve this ruthless money making machinery from exploiting the situation of nave customers or borrowers. The first time home buyers are elated and confused. It is an intimidating experience for the borrowers especially if they have been declined credit because of their income or credit history. It is a challenging task to negotiate the maze of loan processing which are overwhelming in terms of loan terms, fees, and financing documents. Most of the time borrowers place their trust in the broker or the lending authority which initiates the